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I can spell a verb in the past tense using the suffix -ed.

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This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2023), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0 except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions (Collection 2).

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Key learning points

If the word ends in a consonant, generally just add the suffix -ed.
If the word ends in 'y', remove the 'y' and add -ied.
If the word ends in 'e', remove the 'e' and add -ed.
If there is a short vowel sound, double the consonant and add -ed.
How to spell a range of curriculum words, including equip, equipped and attached.

Common misconception

Children misspell the 'ough' letter string, like in 'thought' or 'fought'.

Use the phrase 'oh you grumpy hippo' to remember the sequence of letters: o u g h.

Keywords

Past tense - shows that the action happened before now
Suffix - a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word
Present tense - shows the action is happening now
Verb - doing, being or having word
Root word - the base word from which other words are formed often by adding prefixes or suffixes

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Hello, and welcome to today's spelling lesson.

I'm Mr. Moss, and I'm really looking forward to teaching you.

With you today, you need to bring your looking eyes, your listening ears, and your thinking brains, as well as that, someone to talk to or someone to talk with, and also something to write with and write on will be excellent too.

Right, let's not waste a moment then.

Let's get right into our spelling lesson.

In today's lesson, we're going to be using the suffix E-D to make the past tense.

The outcome will be I can spell a verb in the past tense using the suffix E-D.

Here are the key words for today's learning.

My turn.

Your turn.

Suffix, present tense, past tense, verb, root word.

Brilliant.

Let's have a chat about what these words mean then.

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word.

The present tense shows action that is happening now in the present.

The past tense shows action that has happened before now in the past.

A verb is a doing, being, or having word, and the root word is the base word from which other words are formed often by adding prefixes or suffixes.

So today, we are going to look at adding that E-D suffix to turn present tense verbs into past tense verbs.

Here's the outline for today's lesson.

Remember, we're using that E-D suffix to make past tense.

We're gonna look at some rules for adding that suffix, and then we're also going to look at some irregular past tense verbs that don't follow our rules for adding that E-D suffix.

Let's get on with looking at the rules for adding the suffix E-D.

Remember that a suffix is a letter or group of letters at the end of a word which creates another word.

Unlike prefixes, which come at the beginning, suffixes can often change the word's tense or word class.

Let's look at some suffixes in action.

Here we have the root word play, and I add the suffix ful to create the word playful.

Here I have the root word dress, and I add my E-S suffix here to create a plural, dresses.

And here I have the root word smile.

Ah, and we're adding our E-D suffix here that we're looking at today to create the word smiled.

Notice how the spelling of our root word here changed.

We remove the E before adding our E-D suffix.

Sometimes when we add suffixes, the spelling of the root word will change, sometimes it won't.

It depends on the spelling of that root word and the suffix that we are adding.

There are lots of different types of suffix, and these are just three examples, and there are different rules for how the root word changes when the suffix is added.

We're gonna look at some of these rules today.

Read these words.

My turn.

Your turn.

Talked.

Attached.

Tried.

I tried my best.

Worried.

Danced or danced.

Tasted.

Hopped.

Clapped.

Now, you'll notice that all of these words end with the suffix E-D.

They are also all verbs in the past tense, so showing the action has already happened.

You may have heard as well that sometimes the ending sounds like a T, a D, or an id or I-D, but it's spelt with that suffix E-D, so be careful.

The word talked, for instance, sounds like it has a T at the end, but it's spelt with that E-D.

In these sentences, the past tense indicates that the actions occurred in the past.

They've already happened.

We talked about the holidays last week.

I cried when I fell over yesterday.

So that action happened in the past, yesterday.

They placed the star on the top of the tree last year.

Again, action in the past happening last year.

We tasted the curry before we served it to everyone.

These verbs are in the past tense form, which often includes adding the suffix E-D.

Not always, but often.

Have a look here for me.

I'd like you to choose the correct words to complete these sentences.

We have the words suffix, prefix, end, start, past, and present below.

E-D is the type of mm that is added to the mm of a word.

When E-D is added to the end of a word, it usually shows the mm tense.

Pause the video now.

Say this sentence with the correct words placed into it.

Off you go.

Brilliant.

Let's see how you did then.

E-D is a type of suffix that is added to the end of a word.

When E-D is added to the end of a word, it usually shows the past tense.

So action that has happened in the past has already happened.

There are four main rules for adding the suffix E-D, and I'm sure you might recognise some of these rules from practise of adding other suffixes too.

Here are the four main rules.

Sometimes we just add E-D.

The words ask or ask, walk, and enjoy, we just add E-D.

If our root word ends in a Y, we often remove that Y and add I-E-D.

Cry becomes cried, carry becomes carried, and hurry becomes hurried.

If the root word ends in an E, we remove the E and add our E-D suffix.

Smile, bake, and slice all becomes smiled, baked, and sliced with the E from the root word removed and that E-D added.

And sometimes we double the consonant then add E-D.

This is often when there's a short vowel sound before a single consonant, like hop becoming hopped, clap becoming clapped.

These rules apply to regular past tense verbs.

You must remember that.

Regular past tense verbs.

Let's revise each rule and see what we can remember.

So our first rule was often we just add the suffix E-D to the root word without changing it.

Talk becomes talked.

Remember it sounds like a T, but it's E-D.

Help becomes helped.

Ask or ask becomes asked or asked.

This usually happens when that present tense verb ends in two consonant letters.

Talk ends in L and K, two consonants, help ends in L and P, two consonants, and ask ends in S and K, to consonants.

So often this happens when our root word, that present tense verb, ends in two consonant letters.

This also happens after a vowel digraph when the vowel sound is a long or in two syllable words when the first syllable is stressed.

Stay.

Here we have a vowel digraph ay, A-Y.

We just have to add E-D for it to become stayed.

Here we have offer, a two syllable word.

And here, offer, we can hear that our first syllable is stressed.

Offer, offered, E-D.

We just have to add the E-D suffix.

How will these words change when the suffix E-D is added? Think about the rule that we just revised.

Laugh, attach, enjoy.

Pause the video.

What do you think is going to happen to these root words? Is anything going to happen? How will I spell laughed, attached, enjoyed? Off you go.

Brilliant.

Some really good application of the rules that we just revised.

So laugh will become laughed just with an E-D 'cause it ends in two consonant letters.

Remember the spelling of the root word can help us to spell the new word.

Attach.

Again, two consonant letters.

We just add E-D.

And enjoy as part of a vowel digraph there, oy, O-Y, we just add E-D.

So our rule here is just add E-D.

Be careful as well.

There is no T after the second A in attached or attach.

Watch out for that one.

That's that first rule down then.

Let's look at another one.

When the root word ends in a Y, the Y is replaced with an I before our suffix E-D is added.

This can be when that Y is making E or an I long vowel sound.

Let's have a look at this in action.

Worry with the Y making that E.

The Y is removed and our I-E-D is added.

Carry with that Y making an E sound.

Again, the Y is removed from carry, I is added, and then our E-D suffix for carried.

And cry with a Y is making a long I sound.

We remove the Y and add I-E-D for cried.

There are some exceptions to this though, so watch out.

Some words that don't follow this rule.

If the Y is part of a digraph, so paired with a vowel, a vowel digraph, it doesn't follow this rule.

Play, for instance, we wouldn't change the Y to an I.

We would just add E-D.

Enjoy, oy as a vowel digraph here, O-Y.

We wouldn't remove the Y and add an I.

We would just add E-D.

How will these words change when the suffix E-D is added? Think carefully.

Think about the rule we just looked at.

We have reply, fry, and occupy.

Here we have our Y making an I sound.

What will we do to that Y before adding our E-D suffix, I wonder? How will I spell replied, fried, and occupied as my past tense verbs? Pause the video and have a think.

Brilliant.

Remember the spelling of the root word can help us here.

So reply, it's that Y making an I sound, isn't it there? It's not part of a vowed digraph.

I remove the Y and add I-E-D.

The same for fry.

I remove the Y and add I-E-D for fried.

And occupy becomes occupied.

Remove the Y, add I-E-D.

So our general rule here is remove the Y and add I-E-D, but remember not when that Y is part of a vowel digraph.

So look here.

We've got our present tense verb and our past tense E-D verbs.

We've got marry and married, jump and jumped, play and played.

Which rule have they followed, just adding E-D or removing the Y and then adding I-E-D? Match them now.

Off you go.

Excellent job, team.

So marry, married.

Ooh, that's that Y making that E.

It's not part of a vowel digraph.

We remove the Y and add I-E-D to make our past tense verb.

Jump and jumped.

Ooh, ends in two consonant letters.

I just have to add E-D.

And play might end in a Y, but it's part of a vowel digraph, so I just add E-D for it to become played as my past tense verb.

Great.

Let's look at another rule then.

When the root word ends in an E, the E is removed before adding the suffix E-D.

We don't want two Es.

Smile becomes smiled.

Share becomes shared.

Interfere becomes interfered.

If you interfere, you get in someone's way.

You meddle in things that you shouldn't be involved in.

You're interfering.

Interfered is our past tense of interfere.

Otherwise smile would be smileed.

S-M-I-L-E-E-D.

We don't want have two Es together there before our D.

We just want our E-D to make our regular past tense verb.

How will these words that end in an E change when the suffix E-D is added? We have slice as root word.

Achieve and sacrifice.

Remember the spelling of our root word here helps us to spell the new word.

How will I spell sliced, achieved, and sacrificed? Pause the video and have a think.

Fantastic.

So they all ended in E, don't they? So I'm going to remove the E and add my E-D to create sliced, achieved, and sacrificed.

Our rule here is then remove the E then add E-D.

When the root word contains a short vowel sound and it ends with a consonant, the consonant is doubled before adding the suffix E-D.

Let's look at this in action.

Stop becomes stopped.

I have oh, oh, a short vowel sound.

Remember our short vowel sounds are ah, eh, i, oh, ah.

And that oh is followed by single consonant, so I double the consonant and add E-D.

Chat.

Ah, ah, short vowel sound.

Single consonant T.

Double the T to make chatted.

And hug.

Ah, ah, single continent G.

Double the G to make hugged.

This pattern helps us to pronounce the words correctly because if the word had a single consonant, it would often be a long vowel sound, but they have short vowel sounds, so we know we've got our double consonant.

The final consonant is also doubled when the root word has two syllables, so two beats, and the final syllable is stressed.

We really clearly pronounce it.

The root word ends in a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter.

Refer, two syllables, becomes referred.

I really emphasise there the er in refer, so I double the R and add E-D.

Commit.

Again, I emphasise the second syllable there.

It, commit.

So I double the T and add E-D.

And control.

Very clear there.

The root word ends in a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant.

O-L, control.

Two syllable word.

I double the L and add E-D.

If the last syllable is not stressed, so we don't really clearly hear it, then the last letter is not doubled.

Offer.

I'm not saying, \"Offer,\" am I? It's less clear.

It's not stressed.

Offer sounds like an ah, not an er, so here I don't have to double that final consonant.

I just add E-D.

How will these words change when the suffix E-D is added to them? Stop, equip, control.

Think carefully about the root word.

Remember the spelling of that root word helps us to spell the new word.

How am I gonna spell stopped, equipped, controlled? Pause the video.

Have a think.

Brilliant.

So stop, short vowel, oh, oh, double the P, E-D.

Equip, short vowel, i, i, followed by single consonant.

Double the P, E-D.

Double that consonant.

And controlled.

Vowel followed by single consonant, controlled.

Very clear.

Double the L, E-D.

Our rule here is double the consonant, then add E-D.

So which rules are used? We have like and liked.

Slice and sliced.

Plan and planned.

Have I removed the E and added E-D or have I doubled the consonant then added E-D? Pause the video.

Match them now to the rules that have been used.

Go.

Brilliant.

Like and liked.

My root word ends in an E.

I've removed the E and added E-D.

Sliced and sliced.

I've removed the E and added E-D.

And plan, short vowel, single consonant.

Double the consonant, add E-D.

So I'd like you now to have a go at adding the suffix E-D to the end of each of these words and then match them to the rule that they've used.

Recognised will become recognised.

Worry will become worried.

Embarrassed will become embarrassed, and commits will become committed.

Do you have to just add E-D? Do you have to remove the Y and add I-E-D? Do you remove an E and add E-D, or do you double the consonant and then add E-D? Off you go.

Excellent job, team.

So recognise.

Ooh, that root word ends in an E, doesn't it? I need to remove the E and then add E-D.

Brilliant.

Worry ends in a Y, and it's that Y making that I sound, and it's not part of a vowel digraph.

I need to remove the Y, add an I, and then E-D.

Embarrass ends in two consonant letters, doesn't it? S, S.

So I just have to add E-D.

And commit.

Short vowel, i, i, followed by a single consonant.

I need to double that consonant, so double T and then E-D.

How did you do there? I'd also like you to have a go now at choosing the correct spelling in each sentence.

Read the sentences here and choose the correct spelling.

Think about do you recognise a root word? Do any of these look wrong to you? Think about the ones that are right.

Pause the video and select the correct spellings now.

Fantastic job, team.

I smiled when I saw my grandma at the door.

Ooh, we don't wanna a double E there, do we? Our root word smile ends in an E.

We remove the E then add E-D.

This is my correct one.

We developed our shooting through practise.

Developed.

Develop.

Oh, developed.

Hmm.

It's our past tense, isn't it, verb? Regular.

It's gonna be E-D, not with a T, so it's develop E-D.

The toilet was occupied when I walked in, or walked by, sorry.

The toilet was occupied.

Think about this.

My root word is occupy.

It's that I ending in a Y, not a vowel digraph.

I need to remove the Y and add I-E-D.

Occupied.

O-C-C-U-P-I-E-D.

She slipped over on the icy pavement.

Slip, i, i, p, p.

Ooh, slip is my root word here.

It's a short vowel and a single consonant.

I double that consonant and add E-D for my regular past tense, slipped.

S-L-I-P-P-E-D.

Great.

So as a check now, I'd like you to put the root words into the correct column and show what will happen when we add our E-D suffix.

Look carefully at the root words below.

Consider which rule you're going to use.

Off you go.

Pause the video.

Excellent job, team.

So hoping you've got a table that looks like this.

Help, talk, and harass all just had to have E-D added.

Cry, carry, and worry all end in the Y and had to have the Y removed and become I-E-D.

Share, bake, and appreciate all ended in E, so remove the E and added E-D.

So we don't want a double E-D.

And hug, clap, and control all double that final consonant and added E-D.

So as our practise task now, we're going to have a go at spelling some words that end in that E-D suffix.

Remember to sound out the words.

Think of the root word.

Think about how that root word's spelt 'cause remember that's gonna help you spell the new word.

Remember the spelling rules that we've looked at, and don't forget to read the word, and check, and have a think.

So the words that we are going to look at are, number one, occupied.

That seat is occupied.

Number two, dragged.

Number three, persuaded.

Number four, developed.

Number five, promised.

So I'll say those again.

We have occupied, dragged, persuaded, developed, promised.

Pause the video and have a go at writing those now.

Off you go.

Fantastic job, team.

Let's see how you've done then.

Occupied.

My root word here is occupy, which is that I sound ending and a Y.

I have to remove the Y and add I-E-D.

Don't forget it also has a double C.

Dragged.

Ah, ah, short vowel.

Drag is my root word.

Short vowel and a single consonant.

Double the G, add E-D.

Persuaded.

Oh, my root word persuade, which is a tricky word remember.

P-E-R-S-U-A-D-E ends in an E.

I have to remove the E and add E-D.

So it's persuaded.

This one here.

The next word was developed.

Now be careful with this one, it sounds like a T, but remember it's a regular past tense verb, E-D.

Developed.

I don't need to double the P here.

Develop.

I just add E-D, developed.

And finally, promised.

My root word here has a naughty E at the end of it, promise.

I remove the E and add E-D.

So we don't want two Es and a D.

So promised, P-R-O-M-I-S-E-D.

How did you do there? Make any corrections now.

Onto our final learning cycle then, which is looking at irregular past tense verbs that don't follow the patterns that we've just looked at with our E-D suffix.

Some verbs do not follow these four rules in the same way.

Knew, for instance, like I knew the answer to that question.

Threw.

I threw the ball.

Sang, thought, kept, slept, ate, wrote.

These are all irregular past tense verbs that don't end in E-D.

We wouldn't say, \"I knowed.\" We wouldn't say, \"I throwed.\" We wouldn't say, \"I singed.\" So they become different words.

They're irregular past tense verbs.

These verbs are in the past tense, but they do not end in that E-D suffix.

We call these, my turn, your turn, irregular past tense verbs.

They are irregular because they don't end in E-D.

Irregular verbs need to be learnt and remembered, so we're gonna look at them in some detail now.

Present tense.

Know, sing, sleep, eat, write.

Past tense.

Know becomes knew.

Sing becomes sang.

Sleep becomes slept.

Eat becomes ate, and write becomes wrote.

These past tense verbs do not end in the suffix E-D.

I'd like you here to identify the irregular past tense verbs for me.

Remember, these are past tense verbs that don't end in E-D.

Point to them now.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Ooh, can't be bake and baked.

Bake ends in E-D.

That's a regular past tense.

It can't be asked or asked becoming asked or asked 'cause that ends in E-D as well.

Go becomes went.

I don't say, \"I goed.\" And knew becomes know, or know becomes knew.

I don't say, \"I knowed,\" do I? So watch out.

These are irregular past tense verbs.

We come across irregular past tense verbs all the time in speaking, reading, and writing.

Whilst they don't follow the same E-D rules as regular verbs, we can group some of them together as they follow some similar patterns.

Know, grow, blow, and throw all become new, grew, blew, and threw with that E-W at the end.

Sing, ring, begin, and drink become sang, rang, began, and drank with that A-N in them.

Meet, feed, sleep, and keep, those double E, become met, fed, slept, and kept with an eh, eh, short vowel E.

And think, fight, buy, and bring all become thought, fought, bought, and brought with that oh you grumpy hippo in them, O-U-G-H.

The root word can still help us to spell the past tense verb as there are some similarities.

Match here for me the present tense verb to the past tense verb.

Look for similar letters in both words.

Pause the video and match them now.

Excellent job, team.

So think becomes thought.

Ooh, that T-H at the beginning there, they were linked, weren't they, with that O-U-G-H-T? Oh you grumpy hippo.

Sing becomes sang, sleep becomes slept, and know becomes knew.

I knew the answer to that one.

Good job.

I'm sure you managed to match those.

There are some irregular past tense verbs that we use all the time, but they do not follow any particular pattern.

Last night we ate popcorn whilst watching a film.

Year 5 went on a school trip to the theatre last year.

Dad made some biscuits to bring to the cake sale.

We ran around the field three times during PE.

During the holidays, I saw my uncle every day.

So these are irregular past tense verbs that don't follow any particular pattern, but that we use all the time.

We can use spelling strategies to practise spelling these words so that we can remember them.

Adding a fronted adverbial of time at the start of a sentence can help us to make sure the words sounds correct within the sentence as it helps to show the tense.

And we're thinking about that past tense, aren't we? Yesterday, Gran buy me some new shoes, or yesterday, Gran bought me some new shoes? How a go at saying that sentence now and think which one is correct? Off you go.

Brilliant.

Yesterday, Gran bought me some new shoes.

That sounds correct, doesn't it? She wouldn't buy me some new shoes.

It's that irregular past tense of buy, it's bought.

Oh you grumpy hippo.

Last Tuesday, we sang songs in the hall or sing songs in the hall? Using that fronted adverbial of time to make it a past tense, last Tuesday, we sang songs in the hall.

It's not singed.

It's an irregular past tense, sang.

How will these words change when they are in the past tense? Eat, go, see.

The spelling of the root word doesn't always help us to spell the new word.

Think, what will the past tense of each of these verbs be? Remember, they're irregular.

Pause the video and have a think.

Great job.

Eat becomes ate, go becomes went, and see becomes saw.

Remember, trying to say them with the word yesterday, I before, really helps.

Yesterday, I ate a sandwich.

Yesterday, I went to the cinema.

Yesterday, I saw my family.

Which of these are spelt correctly for the past tense of run? Point to it now.

Fantastic.

It is ran, R-A-N.

Which is the past tense here of make? Point to it now.

Remember, it's irregular.

Fantastic.

It's made.

Okay, let's have a go at spelling some past tense verbs that are going to be irregular.

Remember, sound it out.

Think of a root word.

Remember any spelling rules, and read, and check.

The first word is slept.

Yesterday, I slept all day.

Number two is fought.

They fought a battle.

Number three is knew.

Number four is thought.

I thought I knew the answer.

Number five, wrote.

Yesterday, I wrote a lovely story.

So I'll say this one more time.

Number one is slept.

Number two is fought, as in a battle.

Number three is knew, as in I knew the answer.

Number four is thought, like I thought I knew the answer.

And number five is wrote.

Off you go at having a go at writing those.

Excellent job, team.

So let's have a look and see how you've done.

The first one was slept.

Now, it's not gonna be sleeped.

It's an irregular past tense, isn't it? The root word is sleep.

It becomes S-L-E-P-T, eh, eh, slept.

Fought.

This is the irregular past tense of fight.

I didn't say, \"I fighted.\" It's fought, and it's that oh you grumpy hippo.

And it's F-O-U-G-H-T.

The next one is knew.

Has that naughty silent K.

I didn't say, \"I knowed.\" It's our irregular past tense of know.

It becomes knew.

E-W, K-N-E-W, with that naughty silent K.

The next one was thought, okay? I didn't say, \"I thinked.\" I would say, \"I thought.\" T-H-oh you grumpy hippo-T.

T-H-O-U-G-H-T.

And finally, I didn't say, \"I writed.\" I'd say, \"I wrote a story.\" Has that naughty silent W at the beginning.

W-R-O-T-E.

Great job.

Did you make any mistakes there? Do you have any magical mistakes to share? And if there are any corrections to make, make those corrections and share your learning now.

Off you go.

Excellent job in spelling today, team.

We've been using the suffix E-D to make the past tense today.

The E-D suffix can be used to create the past tense.

The suffix E-D can sound like id, D, or T at the end of the word, but it is spelt using the letters E-D.

Some verbs, remember, are irregular and do not follow specific rules.

When using the E-D suffix though, remember there are four key spelling rules.

To some words we just add E-D.

To some words we have to remove the Y and add I-E-D.

To other root words, we remove the E and add E-D, and to some root words, we double the consonant at the end and add E-D.

Keep up the great spelling, and I'll see you again soon.

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